"PHRED"™ is a compact unit placed between the HPLC column and the detector to perform on-line post-column continuous photolytic derivatization to increase the sensitivity and/or selectivity of response of fluorescence, ultraviolet, electrochemical, and chemiluminescence detectors.

The references included in this bibliography have been classified according to their applications:

General References and Review Articles: 1, 2, 5, 6, 11, 22, 32, 40, 42, 46, 47, 48, 51, 54, 56, 69, 82, 95, 98

Biochemical Analysis: 19, 20, 33, 63, 68

Analysis of Drugs and Drug Metabolites: 7. 8. 9. 14. 17. 18, 23, 27, 28, 29, 35, 39, 43, 44, 49, 52, 57, 62, 67, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 85, 86, 99, 103, 105

Environmental Analysis (Pesticides/Herbicides): 55, 61, 65, 66, 88, 90, 93, 96, 100

Forensic Analysis: 45, 78, 80, 87, 94, 97

Medical and Toxicological Analysis: 4, 12, 13, 16, 21, 26, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 41, 50, 58, 59, 60, 64, 71, 72, 89, 91, 92, 100, 102, 104

Aflatoxin Analysis: 12, 30, 34, 36, 37, 38, 41, 91, 92, 102

Metalloorganic Analysis: 21, 31, 88, 90, 93, 96

Miscellaneous Organic Analysis (Amines, Phenols, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ethers, Quinones): 3, 10, 15, 24, 25, 70

OFFICIAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Analysis of Aflatoxin using HPLC Post-Column Photochemical Derivatization, 

Recommended Practice Aa 11-05 (Approved 2005), Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS Fifth Edition, Second Printing.

AOAC Official Method 2005.08, section number 49.2.18A

Aflatoxins in Corn, Raw Peanuts and Peanut Butter using Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Photochemical Derivatization,

Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL (2005) 18th Ed., AOAC  INTERNATIONAL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 2005.08

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33. Y. Ikeguchi, H. Nakamura, Fluorometric Determination of Phospholipids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column On-line Hydrolysis Under UV Irradaition, Phosphomolybdic Acid and Thiamine-Thiochrome Reactions, Analytical Sciences, 15, 229-232 (1999).

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40. H. Joshua, The Effect of Experimental Parameters on Peak Broadening in Knitted Open Tubular Reactors, presented at the Sixteenth International Symposium on Column Liquid Chromatography, Baltimore, MD, June 14-19, 1992.

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48. I. Krull, C. Selavka, M. Lookabaugh and W. Childress, Photochemical Derivatizations for Improved Detection in High Performance Liquid Chromatography, LC-GC, 7, 758 (1989).

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50. W. LaCourse, L. Krull, Photochemical Detection of Benzaldehyde in Foodstuff, Analytical Chemistry, 59, 49­53 (1987).

51. W. LaCourse, L. Krull, Photoelectrochemical Detection for Liquid Chromatography, Current Separations, 7, 88-90 (1986).

52. J. Lang, J. Stewart, and L. Honigberg, Post-Column Air-Segmentation Photochemical Reactor for the Fluorometric Detection of Reserpine by Liquid Chromatography, Journal of Chromatography, 264, 144-148 (1983).

53. M. Lookabaugh, and L. Krull, Determination of Nitrite and Nitrate by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Using On-line Post-column Photolysis with Ultraviolet Adsorbance and Electrochemical Detection, Journal of Chromatography, 452 295-308 (1988).

54. M. Lores, O. Cabaliero and R. Cela, Post-Column Photochemical Derivatization in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 18, 392-399 (1999).

55. R. Luchtefeld, An HPLC Detection System for Phenylurea Herbicides Using Post-Column Photolysis and Chemical Derivatization, Journal of Chromatographic Science, 23, 516 (1986).

56. I. Lurie, D. Cooper and I. Krull. HPLC Analysis Using Continous On-Line Post Elution Photoirradiation with Subsequent Diode Array UV or Thermospray-Mass Spectrometric Detection, Journal of Chromatography., 629, 143 (1993).

57. J. Manns, S. Hanks, J. Brown, Optimized Separation of E- and Z- Isomers of Tamoxifen, and its Principal Metabolites Using Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 16, 847-852 (1998).

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59. C. Matthews, E. Woolf, R. Mazenko, H. Haddix-Wiener, C. Chavez-Eng, M. Constanzer, G. Doss, B. Matuszewski, Determination of Efavirenz, a Selective Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, in Human Plasma Using HPLC with Post-Column Photochemical Derivatization and Fluorescence Detection. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 28, 925-934 (2002).

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68. S. Peng and S. Danserau, Ion Exchange Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Bisphosphonates by On-line Post Column Photochemical Reaction and Spectrophotometric Detection, Journal of Chromatography A, 914, 105-110 (2001).

69. J. Poulson and J. Birks, Photochemical Reaction Detection in HPLC, in J.W. Birks, ed., Chemiluminescence and Photochemical Reaction Detection in Chromatography, VCH, New York, 1989, Chapter 6, pages 149 - 230.

70. J. Poulsen and J. Birks, Photoreduction Fluorescence Detection of Quinones in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Analytical Chemistry, 61, 2267 (1989).

71. A. Rhys-Williams, S. Winfield, and R. Belloli, Rapid, Specific Method for Diethylstilbestrol Analysis Using an In-line Photochemical Reactor with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Fluorescence Detection, Journal of Chromatography, 235, 461-470 (1982).

72. M. Righezza, M. Murello, and A. Siouffi, Determination of Nitrosamines by Liquid Chromatography with Post-column Photolysis and Electrochemical Detection, Journal of Chromatography, 410 145-155 (1987).

73. J. Salamoun, M. Smrz, F. Kiss, and A. Salamounova, Column Liquid Chromatography of Methotrexate and its Metabolites Using a Post-column Photochemical Reactor and Fluorescence Detection, Journal of Chromatography, 419, 213-223 (1987).

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77. A. Scholten, U. Brinkman, and R. Frei, Photochemical Reaction Detectors in Continuous-Flow Systems - Applications to Pharmaceuticals, Analytica Chimica Acta, 114, 137-146 (1980).

78. A. Scholten and R. Frei, Identification of Ergot Alkaloids with Photochemical Reaction Detector in Liquid Chromatography, Journal of Chromatography, 176, 349-357 (1979).

79. A. Scholten, P. Welling, U. Brinkman, and R. Frei, Use of PTFE Coils in Post-column Photochemical Reactors for Liquid Chromatography - Applications to Pharmaceuticals, Journal of Chromatography, 199, 239-248 (1980).

80. R. Schulte-Ladbeck, P. Kolla, and U. Karst, Trace Analysis of Peroxide-Based Explosives, Analytical Chemistry, 75, 731-735, (2003).

81. C. Selavka, K. Jiao, L Krull, P. Sheih, W. Yu, and M. Wolf, Liquid Chromatography-Photolysis­ Electrochemical Detection for Organobromides and Organochlorides, Analytical Chemistry, 60, 250-254 (1988).

82. C. Selavka and L. Krull, Filling a Void in the Applicability of Oxidative LCES Using Post-column Photolysis, Current Separations, 7, 85-57  (1986).

83. C. Selavka and L. Krull, Liquid Chromatography-Photolysis-Electrochemical Detection for Organoiodides. 1. Optimization and Application, Analytical Chemistry, 59, 2699-2703 (1987).

84. C. Selavka and L. Krull, Liquid Chromatography-Photolysis-Electrochemical Detection for Organoiodides 2. Operative Mechanisms, Analytical Chemistry, 59, 2704-2709 (1987).

85. C. Selavka, I. Krull, and K. Bratin, Analysis for Penicillins and Cefoperazone by HPLC-Photolysis­ Electrochemical Detection, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 4, 83-93  (1986).

86. C. Selavka I.. Krull and I. Lurie, Photolytic Derivatization for Improved LCEC Determinations of Pharmaceuticals in Biological Fluids, Journal of Chromatographic Science, 23, 499-508 (1985).

87. C. Selavka, R. Tondarski Jr., and R. Strobel, Improved Determination of Nitrotoluenes Using Liquid Chromatography with Photolytically Assisted Thermal Energy Analysis (LC-PAT), Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, 32, 941-952 (1987).

88. Y. Shih and P. Carr, A Post-column Photochemical Detector for use in the Determination of Trace Metals with n-Butyl-2-naphthylmethyldithiocarbamate by HPLC. Analytica Chimica Acta, 159, 211-228  (1984).

89. D. Shuker and S. Tannenbaum, Determination of Non-volatile N-Nitroso Compounds in Biological Fluids by Liquid Chromatography with Postcolumn Photolysis Detection, Analytical Chemistry, 55, 2152-2155 (1983).

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93. J. Stab, M. Rozing, B. van Hattum, W. Cofino, and U. Brinkman, Normal-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Irradiation, Morin Complexation and Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Organotin Pesticides, Journal of Chromatography, 195, 609 (1992).

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96. D. Tsalev, M. Sperling, B. Welz, Speciation Determination of Arsenic in Urine by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with On-line Ultraviolet Photooxidation, Analyst, 123, 1703-1710 (1998).

97. P. Twitchett, P. Williams, and A. Moffat, Photochemical Detection in High Performance Liquid Chromatography and its Application to Cannabinoid Analysis, Journal of Chromatography, 149, 683-691 (1978).

98. M. Uihlein, E. Schwab, A Novel Reactor for Photochemical Post-Column Derivatization in HPLC, Chromatographia, 15, 140-146 (1982).

99. I. Urmos, S. Benko, and I. Klebovich, Simple and Rapid Determination of Clomiphene cis and trans Isomers in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Using on-line Post-Column Photochemical Derivatization and Fluorescence Detection, Journal of Chromatography, 617, 168-72 (1993).

100. R. Verbeke, and P. Vanhee, Sensitive and Specific Post-column Fluorometric Determination of Diethylstilbestrol Residues in Extracts of Urine and Animal Tissues at the 1-ppb Level, Journal of Chromatography, 265, 239-255 (1983).

101. D. Volmer, Investigation of Photochemical Behavior of Pesticides in a Photolysis Reactor Coupled On-line with a Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry System Application to Trace and Confirmatory Analyses in Food Samples, Journal of Chromatography A, 794, 129-146 (1998).

102. A. Waltking and D. Wilson, Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Aflatoxin Using Post-column Photochemical Derivatization: Collaborative Study, Journal of AOAC International, 89, 678-692 (2006).

103. B. Wilbur, C. Benz, and M. DeGregorio, Quantitation of Tamoxifen,                                4-Hydroxytamoxifen, and N­-Desmethyltamoxifen in Human Plasma by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Analytical Letters, 18, 1915-1924 (1985).

104. E. Woolf, I. Fu, and B. Matuszewski, Determination of Rofecoxib, a Cyclooxygenase-2 Specific Inhibitor in Human Plasma Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Post-column Photochemical Derivatization and Fluorescence Detection, Journal of Chromatography B, 730, 221-227 (1999).

105. C. Wolf and R. Schmid, Enhanced UV-Detection of Barbiturates in HPLC Analysis by On-Line Photochemical Reaction, Journal of Liquid Chromatography, 13, 2207 (1990).